The biome includes high elevation grasslands and shrublands, usually above the tree line and 2,400 meters high, including the puna and páramo in South America, subalpine heath in East Africa, steppes of the Tibetan plateaus, as well as other similar subalpine habitats around the world characterized by oxygen scarcity, which demands an extra adaption from their colonizers.

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Montane grasslands and shrublands
ethno-linguistic families

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FAMILY Ethno-Linguistic	COMMUNITIES  Wikipedia	WRITINGS Google Scholar	FILMING YouTube	ARTWORKS Art for Nomads	PHOTO Google photos
1. Qechua	QECHUA ↗	-	-	-	-
2. Pukina	KALLAWAYA ↗	-	-	-	-
3. Aymara	AYMARA ↗	-	-	-	-
4. Kunza	ATACAMEÑO ↗	-	-	-	-
5. Mapuche	CRIANCERO ↗	-	-	-	-
6. Bantu	BESOTHO ↗	-	-	-	-
7. Semitic	TIGRINYA ↗	-	-	-	-
8. Persian	AIMAQ HAZARA ↗	-	-	-	-
9. Turkic Kipchak	KYRGYZ ↗ KAZAKH ↗	-	-	-	-
10. Turkic/Mongol	TUVAN ↗ YUGUR ↗	-	-	-	-
11. Tibeto-Burman	CHANGPA ↗ ZANSKARI ↗ BHOTIA ↗ Ü-TSANGPA ↗ AMDOWA ↗ KHAMPA ↗ MUGU ↗ DOLPA ↗ LOPA ↗ SHERPA ↗ LAYAP ↗ BUMTHANGKHA↗	-	-	-	-